100+ AWS DevOps Real-Time Interview Questions [2025 Updated]

This guide provides 103 real-time AWS DevOps interview questions with practical answers, tailored for MNC Cloud Engineer roles. Covering AWS tools like CodePipeline, CloudFormation, ECS, EKS, Lambda, CloudWatch, and IAM, it addresses CI/CD pipelines, containerization, IaC, monitoring, security, serverless, and GitOps, ensuring candidates excel in technical interviews.

AWS CI/CD Pipeline Scenarios

1. How do you troubleshoot a CodePipeline failing at the build stage?

• Check CloudWatch Logs for CodeBuild errors.
• Verify buildspec.yml syntax and dependencies.
• Ensure IAM roles have necessary permissions.
• Test locally to replicate issues.
• Restart the pipeline and monitor with CloudWatch.
  This approach identifies errors, restores reliable CI/CD deployments, and ensures minimal downtime in AWS MNC environments, maintaining robust pipeline performance.

2. Why does a CodeDeploy deployment get stuck in "In Progress"?

A stuck deployment delays releases. Check CloudWatch Logs for errors and verify appspec.yml for configuration issues. Ensure EC2 or ECS instances are healthy, adjust timeouts, or roll back. Monitor with CloudWatch to confirm resolution. This restores stable CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

3. What steps optimize a slow-running CI/CD pipeline?

• Parallelize builds in CodeBuild to reduce execution time.
• Cache dependencies in S3 to speed up builds.
• Use incremental builds in CodePipeline for efficiency.
• Monitor bottlenecks with CloudWatch metrics.
  These optimizations ensure faster, scalable CI/CD pipelines, enabling rapid deployments for MNCs in AWS environments.

4. When does a pipeline deploy to the wrong environment, and how do you fix it?

Verify CodePipeline stage configurations and environment variables in CodeBuild to prevent misrouting. Update IAM roles to restrict access and implement tagging for environments. Audit with CloudTrail to ensure accuracy. This maintains secure, reliable CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments.

5. Which methods secure sensitive data in a CodePipeline?

• Use Secrets Manager for storing credentials securely.
• Encrypt artifacts with KMS for data protection.
• Restrict access with IAM roles and policies.
• Enable CloudTrail for auditing access.
  These measures ensure secure, compliant CI/CD workflows, protecting sensitive data in AWS MNC environments.

6. Who should resolve a pipeline failure due to insufficient permissions?

The DevOps engineer checks IAM role policies in CodePipeline and CodeBuild for access to S3, ECS, or Lambda. Update policies to grant permissions, test locally, and audit with CloudTrail. Monitor with CloudWatch to prevent recurrence, ensuring smooth CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments.

7. What is the process to implement rollback in a failed CodeDeploy deployment?

Use aws deploy rollback-deployment to revert to the last stable version. Verify appspec.yml for accuracy, monitor with CloudWatch, and test in staging before redeploying. This minimizes disruption, ensuring reliable CI/CD pipelines and stability in AWS MNC environments.

8. How do you address a pipeline failing due to a dependency error?

Check buildspec.yml for missing dependencies, update package.json or requirements.txt, and cache dependencies in S3. Test locally to confirm fixes, then monitor with CloudWatch. This restores reliable builds, ensuring seamless CI/CD pipeline execution in AWS MNC environments.

9. Where do you configure a multi-stage CI/CD pipeline for microservices?

Configure CodePipeline with CodeCommit for source, CodeBuild for testing, and CodeDeploy for ECS deployments in the AWS console. Define separate stages for each microservice, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures scalable, reliable CI/CD for microservices in AWS MNC environments.

10. Why implement zero-downtime deployment to avoid pipeline downtime?

Zero-downtime deployments prevent user disruption. Implement blue-green deployment with CodeDeploy, testing on ECS in the green environment. Switch traffic via ALB, monitor with CloudWatch, and roll back if needed. This ensures uninterrupted CI/CD releases in AWS MNC environments.

11. What tools integrate GitHub with AWS CodePipeline for CI/CD?

Configure a webhook in GitHub to trigger CodePipeline. Connect GitHub via AWS console or use CodeCommit for source. Store artifacts in S3, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures seamless, scalable CI/CD workflows for MNC teams, enhancing collaboration in AWS environments.

12. How do you stabilize an intermittently failing pipeline?

Analyze CloudWatch Logs for patterns, verify CodeBuild scripts, and ensure resource availability. Add retries in buildspec.yml, set CloudWatch alarms for monitoring. This stabilizes pipelines, ensuring consistent, reliable deployments and minimizing disruptions in AWS MNC environments.

13. Which strategies handle large artifact sizes in CodePipeline?

Compress artifacts before storing in S3, use CodeBuild to optimize build outputs, and leverage CloudFront for faster delivery. Monitor storage usage with CloudWatch. These steps ensure efficient, scalable CI/CD workflows, minimizing delays in AWS MNC environments.

AWS Containerization and Orchestration Scenarios

14. What causes an ECS task to fail to start, and how do you resolve it?

A failing ECS task halts deployments. Check CloudWatch Logs for errors, verify task definition CPU and memory settings, and ensure IAM roles allow ECR access. Adjust resources, redeploy via CodePipeline, and monitor with CloudWatch. This restores stable CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

15. When does an EKS cluster run out of resources, and how do you handle it?

Resource exhaustion in EKS disrupts workloads. Enable Cluster Autoscaler to add nodes, set Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA) for pods, and monitor with CloudWatch. Adjust pod resource limits in Kubernetes manifests. These steps ensure scalable, reliable CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

16. How do you secure an ECS application exposed to the internet?

• Configure WAF to filter malicious traffic with ALB.
• Restrict ports using security groups.
• Limit container access with IAM roles.
• Enable HTTPS with TLS certificates.
  Monitor with CloudWatch to ensure secure CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments.

17. Why does an EKS pod crash repeatedly, and how do you resolve it?

Repeated pod crashes disrupt CI/CD. Check kubectl logs and kubectl describe pod for errors, verify resource limits, and inspect ECR images. Redeploy with updated configurations, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures stable Kubernetes deployments in AWS MNC environments.

18. What is the process to migrate a monolithic app to microservices on AWS ECS?

Decompose the app into microservices, containerize with Docker, and deploy to ECS using CodePipeline for CI/CD. Use App Mesh for service communication, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures scalable, independent microservices, supporting reliable deployments in AWS MNC environments.

19. When does an ECS service experience high latency, and how do you optimize it?

High latency impacts performance. Optimize task definitions for CPU and memory, enable Auto Scaling based on CloudWatch metrics, and use ALB for load balancing. Adjust VPC networking, monitor with CloudWatch. These steps ensure efficient CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

20. How do you implement rolling updates in AWS EKS?

Configure kubectl apply with updated deployment YAML, set maxSurge and maxUnavailable for controlled updates, and monitor with CloudWatch. Roll back using kubectl rollout undo if issues arise. This ensures seamless CI/CD updates, maintaining stability in AWS MNC environments.

21. Where do network issues cause an EKS cluster to be inaccessible, and how do you troubleshoot?

Check VPC Flow Logs for traffic issues, verify security groups, and test Route 53 DNS configurations. Ensure subnets allow traffic, monitor with CloudWatch. This restores connectivity, ensuring reliable Kubernetes deployments in CI/CD pipelines for AWS MNC environments.

22. Which methods scale an ECS application for sudden traffic spikes?

Enable ECS Auto Scaling with CloudWatch metrics (e.g., CPU usage), adjust task counts dynamically, and use ALB for load balancing. Monitor performance with CloudWatch. These steps ensure high availability in CI/CD workflows, supporting scalability in AWS MNC environments.

23. Who addresses a vulnerable Docker image in ECR?

The DevOps engineer scans images with AWS Inspector, updates to minimal base images (e.g., Amazon Linux), and applies security patches. Integrate scans in CodePipeline, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures secure containerized CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments.

24. What optimizes EKS performance for CI/CD pipelines?

• Set CPU/memory limits in pod specs.
• Enable HPA for dynamic pod scaling.
• Use Cluster Autoscaler for node adjustments.
• Monitor metrics with CloudWatch.
  These practices ensure scalable, high-performance Kubernetes deployments, supporting efficient CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

AWS Infrastructure as Code (IaC) Scenarios

25. Why does a CloudFormation stack fail to deploy, and how do you troubleshoot?

Check stack events in the AWS console for errors, validate template syntax with cfn-lint, and ensure IAM permissions are correct. Correct errors, redeploy via CodePipeline, and monitor with CloudWatch. This restores reliable IaC in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

26. What causes CloudFormation stack drift in production, and how do you handle it?

Stack drift occurs when resources deviate from templates. Run aws cloudformation detect-stack-drift, update templates to align resources, and apply changes with aws cloudformation update-stack. Automate checks in CodePipeline, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures consistent IaC in AWS MNC environments.

27. How do you secure a CloudFormation template exposing sensitive data?

Use Secrets Manager for credentials, encrypt parameters with KMS, and restrict access with IAM policies. Validate templates with cfn-lint, store in CodeCommit for versioning. These steps secure IaC, ensuring compliant CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments.

28. Where do you deploy a multi-region CloudFormation stack?

Use CloudFormation StackSets to deploy templates across regions in the AWS console, integrate with CodePipeline for automation, and monitor with CloudWatch. Configure Route 53 for traffic routing. This ensures consistent, scalable IaC in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

29. When does a CloudFormation stack take too long to provision, and how do you optimize it?

Slow provisioning delays IaC. Split stacks into modular templates, enable parallel resource creation, and cache dependencies in S3. Monitor provisioning time with CloudWatch. These optimizations accelerate infrastructure deployment, ensuring efficient CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

30. Which tools test CloudFormation templates before deployment?

Use cfn-lint for syntax validation, TaskCat for simulated deployments, and integrate with CodePipeline for CI/CD checks. Monitor results with CloudWatch. These tools ensure reliable, secure infrastructure provisioning, minimizing deployment risks in AWS MNC environments.

31. Why do resource limits cause an IaC deployment to fail, and how do you resolve it?

Resource limits halt IaC deployments. Check AWS service quotas, request increases, and optimize resource usage in CloudFormation templates. Monitor with CloudWatch to prevent recurrence. This ensures smooth, scalable CI/CD infrastructure provisioning in AWS MNC environments.

32. How do you update a CloudFormation stack without downtime?

Use UpdatePolicy for rolling updates in CloudFormation, test changes in a staging environment, and monitor with CloudWatch. Roll back with aws cloudformation update-stack if issues arise. This ensures uninterrupted IaC, maintaining stability in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

33. What integrates CloudFormation with CodePipeline for IaC?

Store templates in CodeCommit, trigger builds in CodeBuild, and deploy stacks via CloudFormation actions in CodePipeline. Monitor with CloudWatch, audit with CloudTrail. This ensures automated, scalable infrastructure provisioning, supporting efficient CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

34. When does a CloudFormation stack get stuck in UPDATE_ROLLBACK_FAILED, and how do you resolve it?

A stuck stack disrupts IaC. Check stack events, fix template errors, and run aws cloudformation continue-update-rollback. Test fixes in staging, monitor with CloudWatch. This restores stable infrastructure deployments, ensuring reliability in AWS MNC CI/CD environments.

35. Who manages multiple AWS accounts with CloudFormation?

The DevOps team uses AWS Organizations and CloudFormation StackSets for cross-account deployments. Automate with CodePipeline, audit with CloudTrail, and monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures secure, scalable IaC across AWS MNC environments, maintaining consistency and compliance.

AWS Monitoring and Observability Scenarios

36. How do you diagnose application performance issues using CloudWatch?

Analyze CloudWatch metrics for CPU and memory usage, check Logs Insights for errors, and set alarms for thresholds. Correlate with X-Ray traces for deeper insights. This identifies bottlenecks, ensuring reliable CI/CD performance in AWS MNC environments.

37. What sets up automated alerts for a CI/CD pipeline failure?

Configure CloudWatch Alarms for CodePipeline failures, set thresholds for failed stages, and notify via SNS or Slack. Monitor metrics to ensure proactive resolution. This maintains pipeline reliability, ensuring uptime in CI/CD workflows for AWS MNC environments.

38. Why does a Lambda function have high invocation errors, and how do you troubleshoot?

Check CloudWatch Logs for exceptions, verify IAM permissions, and adjust timeouts or memory settings. Use X-Ray for request tracing, redeploy fixes via CodePipeline. This ensures stable Lambda performance, supporting reliable serverless CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

39. Where do you implement distributed tracing for a microservices app?

Enable X-Ray in ECS or Lambda, integrate with SDKs, and visualize traces in CloudWatch. Correlate with metrics for performance insights. This ensures comprehensive monitoring of CI/CD pipelines, enabling rapid issue resolution in AWS MNC microservices architectures.

40. When does an application become unavailable, and how do you use CloudWatch Synthetics to diagnose?

Configure CloudWatch Synthetics canaries to simulate API calls, monitor response times, and alert via SNS. Analyze logs in CloudWatch Insights to identify issues. This ensures proactive detection, maintaining uptime in CI/CD applications for AWS MNC environments.

41. How do you manage growing CloudWatch log costs?

Set shorter retention policies in CloudWatch Logs, filter non-essential logs, and archive to S3 for long-term storage. Use CloudWatch Metrics Insights for selective monitoring. These steps optimize costs, ensuring efficient CI/CD monitoring in AWS MNC environments.

42. Which metrics monitor an ECS cluster’s health?

Use CloudWatch metrics for CPU and memory, set alarms for thresholds, and check task logs for errors. Integrate with X-Ray for tracing. This ensures proactive issue detection, maintaining robust CI/CD pipelines in AWS MNC environments.

43. Why is a microservice slow, and how do you use X-Ray to identify the cause?

Enable X-Ray in ECS or Lambda, analyze trace segments for latency, and correlate with CloudWatch metrics. Optimize code or resources, redeploy via CodePipeline. This restores performance, ensuring efficient CI/CD pipelines in AWS MNC microservices architectures.

44. What centralizes logs for multiple AWS services?

Configure CloudWatch Logs to aggregate logs from ECS, Lambda, and EC2. Use Logs Insights for analysis, set retention policies to manage storage. This ensures efficient troubleshooting, supporting reliable CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

45. When do critical events get missed, and how do you use CloudWatch Events?

Configure CloudWatch Events to trigger Lambda functions on CodePipeline stage changes, notify via SNS. Monitor event rules, test triggers to ensure reliability. This automates event-driven CI/CD workflows, enhancing efficiency in AWS MNC environments.

AWS Security (DevSecOps) Scenarios

46. How do you secure a CI/CD pipeline exposing secrets in logs?

Use Secrets Manager to store credentials, mask logs in CodeBuild, and encrypt with KMS. Restrict access with IAM roles, audit with CloudTrail. These steps ensure secure, compliant CI/CD workflows, protecting sensitive data in AWS MNC environments.

47. What happens when an EC2 instance is compromised, and how do you respond?

Isolate the instance using security groups, analyze CloudTrail logs for unauthorized access, and scan with AWS Inspector. Patch vulnerabilities, redeploy via CodePipeline, and monitor with CloudWatch. This restores security, ensuring reliable CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

48. Why is GDPR compliance critical in an AWS CI/CD pipeline, and how do you ensure it?

Encrypt data with KMS, implement IAM role-based access control, and audit with CloudTrail. Use data anonymization tools, automate compliance checks in CodePipeline. This ensures secure, compliant CI/CD workflows, meeting regulatory standards in AWS MNC environments.

49. When does an application face a DDoS attack, and how do you mitigate it?

Enable AWS Shield for protection, configure WAF rules on ALB to filter malicious traffic, and use CloudFront for caching. Monitor with CloudWatch, adjust security groups. This ensures application uptime in CI/CD pipelines for AWS MNC environments.

50. Who addresses a Lambda function accessing unauthorized resources?

The DevOps engineer updates Lambda’s IAM role to enforce least-privilege policies, verifies permissions in the AWS console, and audits with CloudTrail. Monitor with CloudWatch, redeploy via CodePipeline. This secures serverless CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

51. Which tools scan for vulnerabilities in an ECS container?

Use AWS Inspector to scan ECR images, integrate scans into CodePipeline, and update to secure base images (e.g., Amazon Linux). Monitor with CloudWatch, redeploy fixed containers. This ensures secure, compliant CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments.

52. How do you address a CI/CD pipeline failing compliance audits?

Implement CIS benchmarks, scan with AWS Inspector, and audit API calls with CloudTrail. Automate compliance checks in CodePipeline, store logs in S3 for analysis. This ensures auditable, secure CI/CD workflows, meeting regulatory standards in AWS MNC environments.

53. What secures data in transit in AWS CI/CD pipelines?

Enable TLS for ALB and API Gateway, use KMS for key management, and integrate with CodePipeline for secure workflows. Monitor with CloudWatch, audit with CloudTrail. This ensures compliant, secure CI/CD pipelines in AWS MNC environments.

54. Why is an S3 bucket publicly accessible, and how do you secure it?

Public buckets risk data leaks. Update bucket policies to deny public access, enable encryption with KMS, and restrict access with IAM roles. Audit with CloudTrail, monitor with CloudWatch. This secures CI/CD artifact storage in AWS MNC environments.

55. When do you rotate secrets in a CI/CD pipeline, and how?

Use Secrets Manager to automate credential rotation, integrate with CodePipeline for updates, and audit with CloudTrail. Monitor rotation status with CloudWatch. This ensures secure, compliant CI/CD workflows, protecting sensitive data in AWS MNC environments.

AWS Troubleshooting and Performance Scenarios

56. How do you troubleshoot an unresponsive EC2 instance?

Check CloudWatch metrics for CPU and memory usage, review system logs, and verify security groups. Reboot or replace the instance, monitor with CloudWatch. This restores reliable deployments, ensuring continuity in CI/CD workflows for AWS MNC environments.

57. Why does a Lambda function time out frequently, and how do you resolve it?

Increase timeout and memory settings in the AWS console, optimize function code, and check CloudWatch Logs for errors. Use X-Ray for tracing, redeploy via CodePipeline. This ensures stable Lambda performance, supporting reliable serverless CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

58. What causes high latency in an application post-deployment, and how do you diagnose?

Analyze CloudWatch metrics for bottlenecks, check X-Ray traces for service delays, and verify ALB configurations. Optimize resources or code, redeploy via CodePipeline, and monitor with CloudWatch. This restores performance in CI/CD pipelines for AWS MNC environments.

59. When does an ECS cluster run out of IP addresses, and how do you fix it?

Expand VPC subnet CIDR ranges, enable NAT gateways, and optimize task networking modes. Update configurations via CloudFormation, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures scalable container deployments, supporting reliable CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

60. How do you stabilize a CodePipeline stage failing intermittently?

Check CloudWatch Logs for patterns, verify CodeBuild scripts, and ensure resource availability. Add retries in buildspec.yml, set CloudWatch alarms for monitoring. This stabilizes pipelines, ensuring consistent deployments in AWS MNC CI/CD environments.

61. Which steps handle a sudden spike in API Gateway errors?

Check CloudWatch Logs for throttling issues, increase quotas, and configure WAF to block malicious traffic. Optimize Lambda integrations, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures reliable API performance in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

62. Why does an EKS cluster have high CPU usage, and how do you optimize it?

Enable HPA for pod scaling, adjust resource limits in pod specs, and use Cluster Autoscaler for node adjustments. Monitor metrics with CloudWatch, optimize via kubectl. This ensures efficient CI/CD in AWS MNC Kubernetes environments.

63. What does CloudTrail reveal about an application failing post-deployment?

Analyze CloudTrail logs for API call errors, verify IAM permissions, and check resource changes. Correlate with CloudWatch metrics, roll back via CodeDeploy if needed. This ensures reliable CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments.

64. When does an RDS instance become slow, and how do you troubleshoot it?

Check CloudWatch metrics for CPU and IOPS, enable Enhanced Monitoring, and optimize queries. Scale instance size or add read replicas, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures reliable database performance in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

65. How do you implement chaos engineering for an AWS application?

Use AWS Fault Injection Simulator to inject EC2 failures or latency, monitor results with CloudWatch, and analyze for improvements. Implement fixes, redeploy via CodePipeline. This ensures robust, reliable CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

AWS Serverless Scenarios

66. Why does a Lambda function fail to trigger from S3 events, and how do you troubleshoot?

Check Lambda’s IAM role for S3 permissions, verify event mappings in the AWS console, and review CloudWatch Logs. Test triggers manually, redeploy via CodePipeline. This restores serverless CI/CD workflows, ensuring reliability in AWS MNC environments.

67. What optimizes a serverless CI/CD pipeline with Lambda?

Use Lambda with CodePipeline for event-driven builds, minimize cold starts with optimized code, and cache artifacts in S3. Monitor performance with CloudWatch, adjust concurrency. This ensures efficient, scalable CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

68. When does an API Gateway endpoint become slow, and how do you improve performance?

Enable CloudFront caching, optimize Lambda functions for faster execution, and increase API Gateway quotas. Monitor performance with CloudWatch, redeploy via CodePipeline. This ensures low-latency API access in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

69. How do you secure a serverless application with API Gateway?

Configure API Gateway with IAM or Cognito authentication, enable WAF to filter malicious traffic, and use KMS for encryption. Monitor with CloudWatch, audit with CloudTrail. This ensures secure CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

70. What causes a Lambda function to run out of memory, and how do you handle it?

Increase memory allocation in the AWS console, optimize function code for efficiency, and monitor with CloudWatch. Redeploy via CodePipeline, test in staging. This ensures reliable serverless CI/CD performance in AWS MNC environments.

71. Which tools implement event-driven CI/CD with Lambda and SQS?

Configure Lambda to trigger from SQS messages, integrate with CodePipeline for builds, and monitor with CloudWatch. Use SNS for notifications on pipeline events. This ensures scalable, automated CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

72. Why does a serverless app incur high costs, and how do you optimize it?

Use Cost Explorer to analyze Lambda usage, reduce function duration with optimized code, and enable Auto Scaling for ECS. Set CloudWatch alarms for overspending. This ensures cost-efficient CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

73. How do you monitor a serverless application in production?

Use CloudWatch for Lambda metrics (e.g., errors, duration), X-Ray for request tracing, and Synthetics for API testing. Set alarms, visualize with dashboards. This ensures comprehensive observability for CI/CD pipelines in AWS MNC environments.

74. What causes a Lambda function to fail due to a dependency error, and how do you fix it?

Update requirements.txt, rebuild the deployment package, and verify with CloudWatch Logs. Redeploy via CodePipeline, test in staging to confirm fixes. This restores reliable serverless CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

75. When do you implement throttling for a serverless API, and how?

Configure API Gateway rate limits, enable CloudFront caching, and optimize Lambda concurrency settings. Monitor usage with CloudWatch, adjust via CodePipeline. This ensures scalable, reliable API performance in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

AWS Multi-Region and Compliance Scenarios

76. How do you set up a multi-region CI/CD pipeline?

Use CodePipeline with cross-region replication, deploy to ECS with CloudFormation StackSets, and route traffic via Route 53. Monitor with CloudWatch for performance. This ensures high availability and scalability in AWS MNC CI/CD environments.

77. Why does an application fail in one region, and how do you implement failover?

Configure Route 53 for DNS failover, replicate data with S3 cross-region replication, and use multi-region ECS deployments. Test failover with Fault Injection Simulator, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures CI/CD resilience in AWS MNC environments.

78. What ensures PCI DSS compliance in an AWS CI/CD pipeline?

Encrypt data with KMS, restrict access with IAM roles, and audit with CloudTrail. Scan with AWS Inspector, automate compliance checks in CodePipeline. This ensures secure, compliant CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

79. When do multi-region deployments have latency issues, and how do you optimize them?

Use CloudFront for content caching, optimize Route 53 latency-based routing, and monitor with CloudWatch. Adjust ECS resources via CodePipeline. This ensures low-latency, high-performance CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

80. How do you handle a data breach in an AWS application?

Isolate affected resources with security groups, analyze CloudTrail logs for unauthorized access, and scan with AWS Inspector. Patch vulnerabilities, redeploy via CodePipeline, and monitor with CloudWatch. This restores security in AWS MNC CI/CD environments.

81. Which design supports global users in an AWS application?

Deploy ECS across multiple regions, use CloudFront for content delivery, and route traffic with Route 53 latency-based routing. Automate with CodePipeline, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures low-latency CI/CD for global users in AWS MNC environments.

82. What implements automated backups for AWS resources?

Use AWS Backup for RDS and S3, schedule via CloudWatch Events, and store in cross-region S3 buckets. Monitor backup status with CloudWatch, integrate with CodePipeline. This ensures resilient CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

83. When does a multi-region RDS instance fail, and how do you recover it?

Promote a read replica in another region, update Route 53 for failover, and restore from AWS Backup. Monitor with CloudWatch, redeploy via CodePipeline. This ensures minimal downtime in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

84. Who manages multiple AWS accounts in a CI/CD pipeline?

The DevOps team uses AWS Organizations and cross-account roles in CodePipeline. Deploy with CloudFormation StackSets, audit with CloudTrail, and monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures secure, scalable CI/CD workflows across AWS MNC environments.

85. How do you configure an application for HIPAA compliance?

Encrypt data with KMS, restrict access with IAM roles, and enable CloudTrail logging. Use AWS Config for compliance checks, automate in CodePipeline. This ensures compliant CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

AWS Advanced Scenarios

86. What implements circuit breakers in AWS microservices?

Use Resilience4j with AWS SDK in Lambda, set thresholds (e.g., 5 errors), and fallback to DynamoDB cached data. Monitor with CloudWatch, integrate with CodePipeline. This ensures fault-tolerant CI/CD in AWS MNC microservices environments.

87. How do you scale an application to handle 10,000 concurrent users?

Deploy ECS with Auto Scaling, use ALB for load balancing, and cache with ElastiCache. Monitor performance with CloudWatch, optimize via CodePipeline. This ensures high availability and scalability in CI/CD for AWS MNC environments.

88. Why is a large on-premises database migration to AWS RDS challenging, and how do you minimize downtime?

Use AWS DMS for continuous replication, test schema compatibility with Schema Conversion Tool, and switch traffic via Route 53. Monitor with CloudWatch, automate with CodePipeline. This ensures seamless database updates in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

89. What enables cross-region replication in an AWS application?

Configure DynamoDB global tables, use S3 cross-region replication, and route traffic with Route 53. Monitor with CloudWatch, automate deployments with CodePipeline. This ensures high availability and low latency in AWS MNC CI/CD environments.

90. When do CI/CD pipelines incur high costs, and how do you optimize them?

Use Cost Explorer to analyze spending, enable Auto Scaling for ECS, and cache artifacts in S3. Set CloudWatch alarms for overspending, tag resources for tracking. This ensures cost-efficient CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

91. Why does an ECS application fail health checks, and how do you troubleshoot?

Check CloudWatch Logs for task errors, verify ALB health check settings, and update task definitions. Redeploy via CodePipeline, monitor with CloudWatch. This restores reliable CI/CD container deployments in AWS MNC environments.

92. How do you implement feature flags in an AWS CI/CD pipeline?

Use AWS AppConfig to toggle features, integrate with CodePipeline for CI/CD automation, and monitor with CloudWatch. Test flags in staging to ensure stability. This supports safe, iterative deployments in AWS MNC environments.

93. What causes a Lambda function to exceed concurrency limits, and how do you handle it?

Increase reserved concurrency in the AWS console, optimize function code, and use SQS for queuing requests. Monitor with CloudWatch, redeploy via CodePipeline. This ensures scalable serverless CI/CD in AWS MNC environments.

94. Which components set up a disaster recovery plan for an AWS application?

Use S3 for backups, configure multi-region CloudFormation StackSets, and enable Route 53 failover. Test with Fault Injection Simulator, monitor with CloudWatch. This ensures robust CI/CD recovery in AWS MNC environments.

95. When does API Gateway return 429 errors, and how do you resolve them?

Increase API Gateway quotas, enable CloudFront caching, and optimize Lambda concurrency. Monitor usage with CloudWatch, adjust configurations via CodePipeline. This ensures reliable, scalable API performance in AWS MNC CI/CD pipelines.

AWS Code-Based Scenarios

96. How do you create a Dockerfile for an AWS ECS application?

FROM amazonlinux:latest
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN yum install -y python3 && pip3 install -r requirements.txt
EXPOSE 8080
CMD ["python3", "app.py"]

This Dockerfile builds a Python application for ECS, ensuring consistent, secure CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments using a minimal base image.

97. What defines a CloudFormation template for an S3 bucket?

Resources:
  S3Bucket:
    Type: AWS::S3::Bucket
    Properties:
      BucketName: my-devops-bucket
      VersioningConfiguration:
        Status: Enabled

This template creates an S3 bucket for CI/CD artifact storage, enabling versioning for data integrity and supporting automated deployments in AWS MNC environments.

98. Why use a CodeBuild buildspec.yml for CI/CD, and how do you configure it?

version: 0.2
phases:
  install:
    commands:
      - npm install
  build:
    commands:
      - npm run build
artifacts:
  files:
    - '**/*'

This buildspec.yml automates CodeBuild tasks, installing dependencies and building code, ensuring reliable, efficient CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments.

99. Where do you define an ECS task definition YAML?

family: my-app
containerDefinitions:
  - name: app
    image: my-app:latest
    cpu: 256
    memory: 512
    portMappings:
      - containerPort: 8080

This YAML defines an ECS task, specifying resource limits and port mappings, supporting scalable CI/CD container deployments in AWS MNC environments.

100. Which code implements a Lambda function for CI/CD automation?

import json
def lambda_handler(event, context):
    print("Received event: " + json.dumps(event))
    return {
        'statusCode': 200,
        'body': json.dumps('Processed CI/CD event!')
    }

This Python Lambda function integrates with CodePipeline, processing CI/CD events and ensuring scalable, event-driven automation in AWS MNC environments.

101. How do you configure a CodePipeline for multi-region deployment?

name: multi-region-pipeline
source:
  provider: CodeCommit
  location: my-repo
build:
  provider: CodeBuild
deploy:
  - region: us-east-1
    provider: CloudFormation
    stack_name: my-stack
  - region: us-west-2
    provider: CloudFormation
    stack_name: my-stack

This pipeline YAML deploys to multiple regions, ensuring resilient, scalable CI/CD workflows in AWS MNC environments with consistent infrastructure.

102. What secures an ECS task definition for a CI/CD application?

family: secure-app
containerDefinitions:
  - name: app
    image: my-ecr-repo:latest
    cpu: 256
    memory: 512
    portMappings:
      - containerPort: 8080
    environment:
      - name: AWS_SECRET_ARN
        value: arn:aws:secretsmanager:us-east-1:123456789012:secret:my-secret

This ECS task definition integrates with Secrets Manager, ensuring secure credential management for CI/CD deployments in AWS MNC environments.

103. Which CloudFormation template creates a VPC for CI/CD workloads?

Resources:
  VPC:
    Type: AWS::EC2::VPC
    Properties:
      CidrBlock: 10.0.0.0/16
      EnableDnsHostnames: true
      Tags:
        - Key: Name
          Value: DevOpsVPC

This template creates a VPC for CI/CD workloads, ensuring secure, scalable networking infrastructure in AWS MNC environments.