150+ Kubernetes Interview Questions and Answers [2025]

This guide provides 151 Kubernetes interview questions with detailed answers tailored for DevOps Engineers and SREs in multinational corporations. Covering fundamentals, architecture, networking, storage, orchestration, security, and CI/CD integration, it equips freshers and experienced professionals for high-stakes technical interviews with scalable, secure container orchestration solutions.

Kubernetes Fundamentals

1. What defines Kubernetes’ role in MNC container orchestration?

Kubernetes automates deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications using declarative configurations. It ensures consistency across global environments, integrates with automation tools, and supports microservices, with performance monitoring for scalable, reliable deployments in MNC workflows.

2. Why do MNCs adopt Kubernetes for microservices?

Kubernetes simplifies microservices management with automated scaling, self-healing, and load balancing. It supports global deployments, integrates with enterprise automation, and ensures reliability through monitoring, meeting MNC demands for scalable, resilient application architectures.

3. How does Kubernetes manage container isolation?

Kubernetes leverages Linux namespaces and cgroups via container runtimes like containerd. Pods share resources securely, and configurations are validated with enterprise tools, ensuring isolated, robust deployments for MNC applications with performance tracking.

4. When is Kubernetes preferred over Docker Swarm in MNCs?

Kubernetes excels in complex, multi-node orchestration for large-scale MNC deployments, unlike Swarm’s simpler setups. It integrates with enterprise scaling tools and monitoring systems to handle dynamic workloads, ensuring flexibility and reliability.

5. Where does Kubernetes store cluster state data?

Cluster state is stored in etcd, a distributed key-value store. It’s accessed via the API server, secured with RBAC, and audited with enterprise tools to ensure consistent, reliable state management for MNC global clusters.

6. Which components drive Kubernetes’ architecture?

• API Server: Handles requests and updates.
• etcd: Stores cluster state.
• Scheduler: Assigns pods to nodes.
• Controller Manager: Runs control loops.
• Kubelet: Manages node containers.
  These enable scalable MNC deployments.

7. Who manages Kubernetes clusters in MNC teams?

SREs and DevOps engineers configure clusters, deploy workloads to EKS, and automate with CodePipeline. They monitor performance and audit changes to ensure scalable, secure cluster management for MNC global operations.

8. What causes pod crashes in Kubernetes clusters?

Pod crashes stem from resource limits, application errors, or misconfigured manifests. Inspect logs, verify YAML, and redeploy with updated settings, using enterprise monitoring to stabilize pods for MNC deployments.

9. Why is Kubernetes ideal for cloud-native applications?

Kubernetes abstracts infrastructure, enabling portable, scalable deployments across clouds. Its self-healing and auto-scaling features support microservices, with monitoring ensuring reliability for MNC’s cloud-native, global applications.

10. How do you ensure high availability in Kubernetes?

Deploy pods across multiple zones, use replica sets, and integrate load balancers. Monitor performance and automate workflows to ensure continuous availability for MNC’s mission-critical applications.

11. When should MNCs avoid Kubernetes?

Avoid Kubernetes for simple, single-host apps where Docker suffices. Use lightweight alternatives, automate with enterprise tools, and monitor performance to align with MNC’s specific workload needs.

12. Where do you define Kubernetes workloads?

Workloads are defined in YAML manifests for pods, deployments, or services, applied via kubectl. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor to ensure consistent, scalable setups for MNC clusters.

13. Which tools complement Kubernetes in MNCs?

• Helm for package management.
• CodePipeline for automation.
• EKS for managed clusters.
• Monitoring tools for performance.
• Auditing tools for compliance.
  These enhance Kubernetes for MNC scalability.

14. Who ensures Kubernetes environment consistency?

DevOps engineers use manifests to standardize environments, automate deployments, and monitor performance. They integrate with EKS and auditing tools to maintain consistency across MNC’s global development stages.

15. What distinguishes Kubernetes from other orchestrators?

Kubernetes’ declarative API, self-healing, and scalability set it apart. It integrates with EKS, supports complex workloads, and ensures reliable, monitored deployments for MNC’s global, cloud-native applications.

16. Why do pods fail to start in MNC clusters?

Misconfigured YAML, resource shortages, or image issues cause pod failures. Validate manifests, check node capacity, and monitor performance to resolve issues, ensuring stable MNC deployments.

17. How does Kubernetes handle service discovery?

Kubernetes uses CoreDNS for internal DNS resolution, mapping service names to pod IPs. Integrate with load balancers, automate workflows, and monitor to ensure reliable discovery in MNC clusters.

18. When do you use namespaces in Kubernetes?

Namespaces isolate resources for multi-tenant MNC clusters. Apply them for team separation, automate with RBAC, and monitor to ensure organized, secure resource management.

19. Where do you configure pod scheduling policies?

Define scheduling in YAML via node affinity or taints, applied through kubectl. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor to optimize resource allocation in MNC clusters.

20. Which features enable Kubernetes self-healing?

• ReplicaSets: Maintain pod counts.
• Liveness probes: Detect unhealthy pods.
• Auto-restart: Replace failed containers.
• Monitoring: Track recovery.
  These ensure resilience in MNC deployments.

21. Who troubleshoots Kubernetes cluster issues in MNCs?

SREs analyze logs, check metrics, and validate configurations. They redeploy with automation tools and monitor performance to resolve issues, ensuring stable, scalable MNC clusters.

22. What automates pod scaling in Kubernetes?

Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) adjusts pod counts based on CPU or custom metrics. Configure in YAML, integrate with EKS, and monitor to ensure dynamic scaling for MNC workloads.

Kubernetes Architecture

23. What roles do control plane components play?

The control plane includes the API server, etcd, scheduler, and controller manager. They manage cluster state, schedule pods, and ensure desired state, monitored for MNC’s scalable, reliable operations.

24. Why is etcd critical for MNC clusters?

etcd stores cluster state, ensuring consistency across nodes. Its high availability supports global MNC operations, with backups and monitoring to prevent data loss and maintain reliability.

25. How does the kube-scheduler assign pods?

The scheduler evaluates node resources, affinity rules, and taints to place pods. Configure policies, automate with EKS, and monitor to optimize scheduling for MNC workloads.

26. When do you scale the control plane in MNCs?

Scale the control plane for high-traffic clusters or multi-region setups. Add API servers, replicate etcd, and monitor performance to ensure reliability in MNC’s global operations.

27. Where is the API server accessed in Kubernetes?

The API server is accessed via kubectl or REST APIs, secured with RBAC. Automate interactions and monitor performance to ensure seamless management in MNC clusters.

28. Which components ensure node health?

• Kubelet: Manages pod lifecycle.
• Kube-proxy: Handles networking.
• Container runtime: Runs containers.
• Monitoring tools: Track health.
  These maintain node stability in MNC clusters.

29. Who configures control plane high availability?

SREs set up multi-master nodes, replicate etcd, and integrate load balancers. They automate workflows and monitor performance to ensure resilient control planes for MNC operations.

30. What causes API server performance issues?

High request volumes or misconfigured RBAC overload the API server. Optimize configurations, scale servers, and monitor metrics to restore performance in MNC clusters.

31. Why do nodes become unschedulable?

Taints, resource shortages, or node failures prevent scheduling. Apply tolerations, scale nodes, and monitor to restore schedulability for MNC’s global workloads.

32. How do you upgrade Kubernetes clusters in MNCs?

Perform rolling upgrades with kubectl, test in staging, and monitor performance. Use managed EKS to minimize downtime, ensuring seamless upgrades for MNC clusters.

33. When do you use managed Kubernetes services?

Use EKS for simplified cluster management in MNCs, reducing operational overhead. Automate deployments and monitor performance to align with enterprise scalability needs.

34. Where do you store cluster configurations?

Store configurations in Git repositories for GitOps, applied via kubectl. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor to ensure consistent, traceable setups in MNC clusters.

35. Which tools enhance cluster observability?

• Prometheus for metrics.
• Grafana for visualization.
• Fluentd for logging.
• X-Ray for tracing.
  These provide comprehensive visibility for MNC clusters.

36. Who maintains Kubernetes cluster security?

Security engineers enforce RBAC, apply network policies, and monitor performance. They automate workflows to ensure secure, compliant clusters for MNC global operations.

37. What ensures cluster scalability in MNCs?

Cluster Autoscaler adds nodes based on demand, HPA scales pods, and load balancers distribute traffic. Monitor performance to ensure scalability for MNC workloads.

Kubernetes Networking

38. What causes pod networking issues in MNCs?

Misconfigured CNI plugins or security groups block connectivity. Inspect network policies, test with ping, and adjust settings, monitoring to restore communication in MNC clusters.

39. Why do services fail to route traffic?

Incorrect service definitions or DNS issues disrupt routing. Validate YAML, check CoreDNS, and redeploy with updated settings, monitoring for reliable MNC networking.

40. How do you configure an Ingress controller?

Define Ingress resources in YAML, specifying host rules and paths. Deploy with NGINX or ALB, automate with CodePipeline, and monitor for scalable MNC traffic routing.

41. When do you use NodePort services?

Use NodePort for external access during development or testing in MNCs. Configure in YAML, expose ports, and monitor to ensure compatibility with enterprise networks.

42. Where do you apply network policies in MNCs?

Apply policies in namespaces using Calico or AWS CNI to restrict traffic. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor to ensure secure networking in MNC clusters.

43. Which tools monitor network performance?

• VPC Flow Logs for traffic analysis.
• Prometheus for metrics.
• X-Ray for latency tracing.
• SNS for alerts.
  These ensure high-performance MNC networking.

44. Who troubleshoots Kubernetes networking issues?

Network engineers analyze CNI configurations, check logs, and test connectivity. They adjust policies, redeploy, and monitor to reduce latency in MNC global networks.

45. What implements secure pod communication?

Use encrypted CNI plugins, enforce network policies, and integrate with ALB. Monitor performance to ensure secure, isolated communication in MNC clusters.

46. Why do pods lose external connectivity?

Blocked security groups or DNS misconfigurations cause connectivity loss. Verify settings, update configurations, and monitor to restore access for MNC applications.

47. How do you optimize network throughput?

Configure high-performance CNI plugins, use low-latency endpoints, and balance traffic with ALB. Monitor performance to maximize throughput in MNC clusters.

48. When do you use ClusterIP services?

Use ClusterIP for internal pod communication in MNCs, avoiding external exposure. Define in YAML, automate, and monitor for reliable internal networking.

49. Where do you configure DNS resolution?

Configure CoreDNS in the kube-system namespace for service discovery. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor to ensure reliable DNS in MNC clusters.

50. Which configurations reduce network latency?

• Optimize CNI plugin settings.
• Place pods in low-latency zones.
• Use ALB for traffic balancing.
• Monitor with tracing tools.
  These minimize latency in MNC networks.

51. Who ensures secure Kubernetes networking?

Security engineers configure encrypted CNI plugins, enforce policies, and monitor performance. They automate workflows to maintain secure networking for MNC clusters.

52. What enables multi-cluster networking in MNCs?

Use service meshes like Istio or federation for cross-cluster communication. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor to ensure scalable, secure networking in MNC deployments.

Kubernetes Storage

53. What provides persistent storage in Kubernetes?

Persistent Volumes (PVs) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVCs) ensure storage durability. Integrate with EFS, automate with CodePipeline, and monitor for reliable storage in MNC clusters.

54. Why do pods lose data on restart?

Ephemeral pods require PVs or external storage. Configure PVCs, automate with EKS, and monitor to ensure data durability for MNC applications.

55. How do you configure dynamic storage provisioning?

Define StorageClasses in YAML for automatic PV allocation. Integrate with EFS, automate with CodePipeline, and monitor for scalable storage in MNC clusters.

56. When do you use StatefulSets for storage?

Use StatefulSets for stateful apps requiring stable storage, like databases. Define in YAML, automate, and monitor to ensure persistent data in MNC deployments.

57. Where do you back up Kubernetes storage?

Use AWS Backup for PVs, store in S3, and schedule with automation tools. Monitor performance for resilient data management in MNC clusters.

58. Which strategies optimize storage performance?

• Configure high-throughput StorageClasses.
• Enable burst credits for EFS.
• Optimize mount targets.
• Monitor IOPS metrics.
  These ensure fast storage in MNC clusters.

59. Who manages Kubernetes storage in MNCs?

DevOps engineers configure PVs and StorageClasses, automate workflows, and monitor performance to ensure reliable, scalable storage for MNC global applications.

60. What causes storage performance bottlenecks?

Excessive I/O or misconfigured storage systems cause delays. Optimize throughput, adjust mounts, and monitor to restore performance in MNC clusters.

61. Why do PVCs fail to bind?

Insufficient PV capacity or misconfigured StorageClasses prevent binding. Validate YAML, provision additional storage, and monitor to resolve issues in MNC clusters.

62. How do you manage multi-container storage?

Define shared PVs in YAML for multi-container pods, integrate with EFS, and automate workflows. Monitor to ensure persistent storage in MNC deployments.

63. When do you use EFS in Kubernetes?

Use EFS for shared storage in stateful apps across pods. Configure mounts, automate, and monitor for scalable storage in MNC clusters.

64. Where do you store backup policies?

Store policies in Git for GitOps, apply via automation tools, and monitor performance to ensure consistent, traceable backups in MNC clusters.

65. Which tools ensure storage compliance?

• Backup tools for data protection.
• Auditing tools for tracking.
• Compliance checkers for regulations.
• Monitoring systems for performance.
  These align with MNC storage needs.

66. Who secures Kubernetes storage?

Security engineers encrypt PVs, enforce access controls, and monitor performance. They automate workflows to ensure secure, compliant storage in MNC clusters.

Kubernetes Orchestration

67. What drives scalable orchestration in MNCs?

Deployment objects, replica sets, and auto-scaling ensure scalability. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor performance to deliver resilient orchestration for MNC global workloads.

68. Why do pods fail to schedule in EKS?

Insufficient resources or taints prevent scheduling. Check pod status, adjust affinity, and scale nodes, monitoring to ensure stability in MNC clusters.

69. How do you perform rolling updates?

Update deployments with rolling strategy in YAML, test in staging, and monitor performance. Roll back if needed for seamless, zero-downtime MNC updates.

70. When do you use DaemonSets in MNCs?

Use DaemonSets for node-specific tasks like monitoring agents. Define in YAML, automate, and monitor for consistent deployment in MNC clusters.

71. Where do you deploy multi-container apps?

Deploy to EKS with pod definitions, automate with CodePipeline, and monitor performance to ensure scalable, reliable multi-container apps in MNC clusters.

72. Which strategies optimize pod auto-scaling?

• Configure HPA with custom metrics.
• Set node auto-scaling groups.
• Optimize resource requests.
• Monitor performance metrics.
  These ensure responsive scaling in MNC clusters.

73. Who designs fault-tolerant architectures?

SREs implement multi-zone setups, use disruption budgets, and enforce RBAC. They automate workflows and monitor for resilient MNC deployments.

74. What enables canary deployments in MNCs?

Configure canary rollouts in YAML, shift traffic with ALB, and monitor performance. This ensures safe, zero-downtime deployments for MNC applications.

75. Why do services fail to scale?

Resource constraints or node unavailability disrupt scaling. Verify configurations, update settings, and monitor to enable dynamic scaling in MNC clusters.

76. How do you implement chaos engineering?

Simulate failures with chaos tools, automate recovery, and monitor performance. This validates resilience for MNC’s global, mission-critical applications.

77. When do you use serverless Kubernetes?

Use serverless EKS for minimal-management deployments. Define tasks, automate workflows, and monitor for scalable, low-overhead MNC solutions.

78. Where do you configure service discovery?

Configure CoreDNS or Istio in EKS for service discovery. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor for reliable communication in MNC clusters.

79. Which tools enhance orchestration observability?

• Prometheus for metrics collection.
• Grafana for visualization.
• Fluentd for log aggregation.
• X-Ray for tracing.
  These ensure visibility in MNC orchestration.

80. Who manages multi-tenant Kubernetes clusters?

DevOps architects use namespaces, enforce RBAC, and automate workflows. They monitor performance to ensure secure, scalable multi-tenant MNC deployments.

81. What causes deployment rollout failures?

Misconfigured YAML or resource limits cause rollout issues. Validate configurations, test in staging, and monitor to ensure successful MNC deployments.

82. Why do StatefulSets ensure stable pod identities?

StatefulSets assign unique, persistent identities to pods, ideal for databases. Configure in YAML, automate, and monitor to ensure stable MNC deployments.

83. How do you manage pod resource limits?

Define limits in YAML for CPU and memory, apply via kubectl, and monitor performance. This ensures efficient resource usage in MNC clusters.

84. When do you use Jobs in Kubernetes?

Use Jobs for one-off tasks like batch processing in MNCs. Define in YAML, automate, and monitor for reliable, short-lived workloads.

85. Where do you store Helm charts?

Store Helm charts in repositories like Artifact Hub or private registries. Automate deployments and monitor to ensure consistent MNC setups.

86. Which configurations optimize cluster performance?

• Set resource limits for pods.
• Use node affinity for placement.
• Configure HPA for scaling.
• Monitor with Prometheus.
  These enhance MNC cluster efficiency.

87. Who automates Kubernetes deployments in MNCs?

DevOps engineers use CodePipeline for declarative deployments, apply manifests, and monitor performance to ensure seamless, scalable MNC workloads.

Kubernetes Security

88. What secures the Kubernetes API server?

Enable TLS, enforce RBAC, and restrict access with identity policies. Monitor performance and audit changes to secure API endpoints in MNC clusters.

89. Why are pods vulnerable to attacks?

Outdated images or weak RBAC expose pods. Update bases, enforce policies, and scan for vulnerabilities, monitoring to secure MNC deployments.

90. How do you manage secrets in Kubernetes?

Define secrets in YAML, integrate with Secrets Manager, and apply via kubectl. Automate workflows and monitor for secure secret handling in MNC clusters.

91. When do you apply pod security policies?

Apply policies during deployment to restrict pod privileges. Configure in YAML, automate, and monitor to ensure compliance in MNC clusters.

92. Where do you enforce network security?

Enforce policies in namespaces with Calico or AWS CNI. Automate with CodePipeline and monitor to secure network traffic in MNC clusters.

93. Which tools ensure Kubernetes compliance?

• Vulnerability scanners for images.
• Auditing tools for API tracking.
• Compliance checkers for regulations.
• Monitoring systems for performance.
  These align with MNC security needs.

94. Who secures Kubernetes clusters in MNCs?

Security engineers enforce RBAC, apply network policies, and monitor performance. They automate workflows to maintain secure, compliant MNC clusters.

95. What prevents pod privilege escalation?

Run pods as non-root, restrict syscalls, and limit capabilities. Scan images and monitor performance to prevent escalation in MNC clusters.

96. Why do secrets leak in Kubernetes?

Exposed environment variables or misconfigured access controls leak secrets. Use Secrets Manager, enforce RBAC, and monitor to secure MNC applications.

97. How do you implement zero-trust security?

Restrict pod capabilities, enforce network policies, and monitor performance. This ensures zero-trust security for MNC’s global Kubernetes clusters.

98. When do you rotate Kubernetes secrets?

Rotate secrets using automated managers, integrate with EKS tasks, and monitor performance. Redeploy to ensure secure secret management in MNC clusters.

99. Where do you audit Kubernetes activity?

Enable API auditing, integrate log aggregators, and use compliance tools. Monitor performance for comprehensive auditing in MNC global clusters.

100. Which configurations secure multi-container apps?

• Enforce network policies for isolation.
• Use secret managers for credentials.
• Scan images for vulnerabilities.
• Monitor performance metrics.
  These secure MNC multi-container deployments.

101. Who implements runtime security in MNCs?

Security engineers apply pod security profiles, restrict syscalls, and monitor performance. They automate workflows to ensure secure runtimes in MNC clusters.

102. What causes RBAC misconfiguration issues?

Incorrect role bindings or excessive permissions cause issues. Validate RBAC YAML, restrict access, and monitor to ensure secure MNC configurations.

Kubernetes CI/CD Integration

103. What automates Kubernetes pipelines in MNCs?

Build images, push to registries, and deploy to EKS with automation tools like CodePipeline. Monitor performance and audit changes for scalable MNC workflows.

104. Why do pipelines fail during deployments?

Misconfigured manifests or dependency issues cause failures. Validate YAML, test locally, and automate with CodePipeline, monitoring to restore MNC pipeline reliability.

105. How do you integrate image scanning in CI/CD?

Configure vulnerability scans in build pipelines, automate with enterprise tools, and monitor performance. This ensures secure images for MNC global deployments.

106. When do pipelines deploy incorrect images?

Outdated tags or misconfigured stages cause errors. Verify pipeline settings, update manifests, and monitor for accurate deployments in MNC clusters.

107. Where do you implement blue-green deployments?

Use deployment tools to create green environments, switch traffic with ALB, and monitor performance for zero-downtime deployments in MNC clusters.

108. Which tools enhance pipeline observability?

• Prometheus for build metrics.
• X-Ray for tracing.
• SNS for notifications.
• CodePipeline for automation.
  These ensure transparent MNC pipelines.

109. Who automates feature flags in MNC pipelines?

DevOps engineers use environment variables for flags, automate with CodePipeline, and test in staging. Monitor and roll back for controlled MNC releases.

110. What causes image pull failures in pipelines?

Identity role issues or incorrect credentials disrupt pulls. Verify authentication, update roles, and monitor to restore registry access in MNC workflows.

111. Why do pipelines experience bottlenecks?

High build times or resource constraints slow pipelines. Optimize manifests, scale resources, and monitor performance to improve efficiency in MNC clusters.

112. How do you implement GitOps in MNC pipelines?

Sync manifests from Git repositories to EKS using ArgoCD. Automate workflows, enforce RBAC, and monitor for declarative MNC deployments.

113. When do you use serverless Kubernetes in CI/CD?

Use serverless EKS for minimal-management deployments. Define tasks, automate with CodePipeline, and monitor for scalable, low-overhead MNC workflows.

114. Where do you configure pipeline rollbacks?

Configure rollbacks in deployment tools, test in staging, and monitor performance to ensure safe, reversible deployments in MNC clusters.

115. Which strategies optimize pipeline performance?

• Cache dependencies for faster builds.
• Scale build resources dynamically.
• Automate with CodePipeline.
• Monitor performance metrics.
  These enhance MNC pipeline efficiency.

116. Who manages CI/CD pipelines in MNCs?

DevOps engineers configure pipelines, automate deployments, and monitor performance. They integrate with EKS to ensure scalable, reliable workflows for MNC applications.

117. What ensures pipeline security in MNCs?

Enforce RBAC, scan images, and encrypt secrets. Monitor performance and audit changes to maintain secure, compliant pipelines in MNC global deployments.

Kubernetes Troubleshooting and Performance

118. What diagnoses pod crashes in EKS ?

Inspect logs, analyze metrics, and verify manifests. Redeploy with updated settings and monitor performance to stabilize pods in MNC clusters.

119. Why do pods consume excessive CPU?

High workloads or unoptimized code increase usage. Set resource limits, optimize applications, and monitor metrics to manage resources in MNC clusters.

120. How do you troubleshoot network latency?

Analyze CNI configurations, check traffic logs, and test connectivity. Adjust policies, redeploy, and monitor to reduce latency in MNC clusters.

121. When do pods fail health checks?

Misconfigured load balancers or endpoint mismatches cause failures. Verify manifests, update health checks, and monitor for reliable MNC services.

122. Where do you find pod failure logs?

Check pod logs, EKS logs, and tracing tools. Monitor performance with enterprise tools for comprehensive failure analysis in MNC clusters.

123. Which metrics optimize pod performance?

• CPU/memory usage metrics.
• Network latency logs.
• Request tracing insights.
• Performance alerts.
  These ensure high-performance MNC pods.

124. Who debugs Kubernetes performance issues?

SREs analyze metrics, optimize resources, and redeploy with automation tools. They monitor performance to resolve bottlenecks in MNC clusters.

125. What implements resilience in microservices?

Use circuit breakers to handle failures, deploy with EKS, and monitor performance. This ensures resilient microservices for MNC’s global applications.

126. Why do pods fail under heavy traffic?

Insufficient resources or poor scaling cause failures. Configure HPA, optimize manifests, and monitor to handle traffic spikes in MNC clusters.

127. How do you recover from a cluster breach?

Isolate with network policies, analyze audit logs, and scan for vulnerabilities. Patch issues, redeploy, and monitor for secure recovery in MNC clusters.

128. When do you scale nodes in Kubernetes?

Scale nodes for high demand or resource shortages. Use Cluster Autoscaler, automate with EKS, and monitor to ensure scalability in MNC clusters.

129. Where do you monitor cluster health?

Use Prometheus for metrics, Grafana for visualization, and Fluentd for logs. Monitor performance with enterprise tools for comprehensive MNC cluster health tracking.

130. Which tools troubleshoot pod scheduling?

• kubectl for pod status.
• Prometheus for resource metrics.
• Grafana for visualization.
• X-Ray for tracing.
  These resolve scheduling issues in MNC clusters.

131. Who optimizes Kubernetes performance in MNCs?

DevOps engineers set resource limits, optimize workloads, and monitor metrics. They automate with CodePipeline to ensure efficient, scalable MNC clusters.

132. What causes node resource exhaustion?

Overcommitted pods or insufficient capacity cause exhaustion. Adjust limits, scale nodes, and monitor to restore resource availability in MNC clusters.

133. Why do services experience downtime?

Misconfigured deployments or node failures cause downtime. Validate manifests, enable replicas, and monitor to ensure continuous availability in MNC clusters.

134. How do you implement resource quotas?

Define quotas in YAML for namespaces, apply via kubectl, and monitor usage. This ensures fair resource allocation in MNC multi-tenant clusters.

135. When do you use pod disruption budgets?

Use PDBs to limit disruptions during upgrades or node maintenance. Configure in YAML, automate, and monitor for minimal downtime in MNC clusters.

136. Where do you store monitoring configurations?

Store configurations in Git for GitOps, apply via automation tools, and monitor performance to ensure consistent, traceable setups in MNC clusters.

137. Which strategies prevent cluster overload?

• Set resource quotas for namespaces.
• Use HPA for dynamic scaling.
• Configure node auto-scaling.
• Monitor with Prometheus.
  These prevent overload in MNC clusters.

138. Who handles Kubernetes upgrades in MNCs?

SREs perform rolling upgrades, test in staging, and monitor performance. They use managed EKS to minimize downtime and ensure stable MNC clusters.

139. What causes pod eviction in Kubernetes?

Low node resources or priority policies trigger evictions. Set priority classes, scale nodes, and monitor to prevent evictions in MNC clusters.

140. Why do Ingress resources fail to route traffic?

Misconfigured rules or controller issues disrupt routing. Validate YAML, check ALB, and monitor to restore traffic routing in MNC clusters.

141. How do you optimize pod startup times?

Use lightweight images, set resource requests, and pre-pull images. Automate with EKS and monitor to reduce startup times in MNC clusters.

142. When do you use custom schedulers?

Use custom schedulers for specialized workload placement in MNCs. Define in YAML, automate, and monitor for optimized scheduling in complex clusters.

143. Where do you configure auto-scaling policies?

Define HPA and Cluster Autoscaler policies in YAML, apply via kubectl, and monitor performance to ensure dynamic scaling in MNC clusters.

144. Which tools enhance troubleshooting efficiency?

• kubectl for diagnostics.
• Prometheus for metrics.
• Fluentd for logs.
• X-Ray for tracing.
  These streamline troubleshooting in MNC clusters.

145. Who monitors Kubernetes security incidents?

Security engineers analyze logs, enforce policies, and monitor performance. They automate workflows to detect and resolve incidents in MNC clusters.

146. What ensures pod high availability?

Use replica sets, multi-zone deployments, and health probes. Monitor performance to ensure continuous availability for MNC’s mission-critical applications.

147. Why do clusters experience performance degradation?

Resource contention or misconfigured workloads cause degradation. Optimize limits, scale nodes, and monitor to restore performance in MNC clusters.

148. How do you implement GitOps for monitoring?

Sync monitoring configurations from Git to EKS using ArgoCD. Automate workflows and monitor performance for declarative, traceable MNC setups.

149. When do you use sidecar containers?

Use sidecars for logging or proxy tasks in MNC apps. Define in pod YAML, automate, and monitor for seamless integration in clusters.

150. Where do you store audit logs in MNCs?

Store logs in centralized systems like S3 or Elasticsearch, integrated with Fluentd. Monitor performance for comprehensive auditing in MNC clusters.

151. Which practices ensure cluster compliance?

• Scan images for vulnerabilities.
• Enforce RBAC and policies.
• Audit API calls.
• Monitor compliance metrics.
  These align with MNC regulatory requirements.