Advanced Linux Interview Questions for DevOps & SysAdmins [2025]

Advanced Linux Administration

1. What steps would you take if a Linux server fails to boot after a kernel update?

• Check GRUB configuration
• Review kernel logs
• Boot to previous kernel
• Verify hardware status
  A failed boot disrupts critical services. Checking bootloader settings and logs identifies issues, while reverting to a stable kernel restores functionality, a core skill for maintaining enterprise Linux systems in high-availability environments.

2. How would you configure a Linux server for high-availability clustering?

To set up high-availability clustering, install Pacemaker and Corosync, configure shared storage, and define failover policies. This ensures uninterrupted service, a vital task for DevOps engineers managing mission-critical Linux systems in production environments.

3. Why would a Linux server experience sudden performance degradation?

• Resource exhaustion
• Misconfigured services
• Kernel bottlenecks
  Performance degradation slows operations.
  Monitoring with sar pinpoints causes.
  Optimizing resources restores efficiency, a key skill for system reliability.

4. When would you use LVM snapshots for a Linux server?

LVM snapshots are used for consistent backups or testing changes without risking data.

• Created with lvcreate
• Monitors with lvs
• Ensures data integrity, a core Linux administration principle

5. Where would you configure kernel parameters for performance tuning?

sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf
sudo sysctl -p

Edit /etc/sysctl.conf to tune parameters like vm.swappiness or net.core.somaxconn. Apply changes with sysctl -p. This optimizes system performance, a critical task for DevOps in high-performance Linux environments.

6. Who would manage Linux user authentication in a large organization, and why?

• System administrators
• Ensure secure access
• Enforce compliance
  Admins manage authentication to secure systems and meet regulatory requirements, a core skill for enterprise environments with thousands of users and strict access controls.

7. Which command monitors disk I/O bottlenecks on a Linux server?

• iostat -x
• Displays disk metrics
• Identifies slowdowns
  Disk I/O monitoring prevents performance issues.
  This command is vital for optimizing enterprise storage systems.

8. What would you do if a Linux filesystem becomes corrupted?

If a filesystem corrupts, boot into single-user mode, run fsck, and repair errors. Corruption risks data loss.

• Use fsck /dev/sda1
• Back up critical data
• Monitor logs
  This ensures data integrity in production systems.

9. How would you configure a Linux server as a reverse proxy?

sudo apt install nginx
sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/proxy
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/proxy /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
sudo systemctl restart nginx

Install Nginx, set up a reverse proxy configuration, and restart the service. This balances traffic, a core task for DevOps ensuring scalable web services in enterprise environments.

10. Why would a Linux server fail to mount a remote NFS share?

• Incorrect NFS config
• Network connectivity issues
• Firewall restrictions
  Mount failures block data access.
  Checking /etc/fstab identifies errors.
  Fixing network settings restores connectivity, a critical skill for distributed systems.

11. When would you use systemd timers instead of cron on a Linux server?

Systemd timers are used for precise, dependency-based scheduling in modern Linux systems.

• Configured in /etc/systemd/system
• Monitors with systemctl list-timers
• Enhances automation, a core DevOps principle

12. Where would you store custom systemd service files on a Linux server?

• Store in /etc/systemd/system
• Reload with systemctl daemon-reload
• Enable services
  Custom service files ensure reliable automation.
  This practice is vital for managing enterprise applications.

13. Who would configure a Linux server for container orchestration, and why?

• DevOps engineers
• Deploy scalable apps
• Ensure high availability
  Container orchestration optimizes resource usage. Engineers configure it for reliability, a core skill for cloud-native environments like Kubernetes clusters.

14. Which command checks memory usage details on a Linux server?

free -m
# or
vmstat -s

Use free -m or vmstat to monitor memory usage. This identifies leaks, a critical task for maintaining performance in enterprise Linux systems under heavy workloads.

15. What would you do if a Linux server runs out of disk space unexpectedly?

• Check with df -h
• Identify large files
• Clear logs or caches
  Disk space shortages halt operations. Checking usage and clearing unnecessary files restores functionality, a key task for ensuring uptime in production Linux environments.

Automation and Scripting

16. How would you automate package updates across multiple Linux servers?

To automate updates, use Ansible to run apt or yum across servers, scheduling tasks via cron or systemd timers. This ensures consistent security patches, a vital task for DevOps managing large-scale Linux environments.

17. Why would a Bash script fail to execute on a Linux server?

• Syntax errors
• Missing permissions
• Incorrect shebang
  Script failures disrupt automation.
  Debugging with bash -x identifies issues.
  Fixing permissions ensures execution, a critical skill for reliable scripting.

18. When would you use Python over Bash for Linux automation?

Python is used for complex automation tasks, like parsing logs or API integration, due to its robust libraries.

• Handles large datasets
• Uses argparse for inputs
• Enhances flexibility, a core DevOps principle

19. Where would you store Ansible playbooks for Linux automation?

mkdir /etc/ansible/playbooks
mv playbook.yml /etc/ansible/playbooks/

Store playbooks in /etc/ansible/playbooks for centralized management. This organizes automation tasks, a critical task for DevOps managing multiple Linux servers in enterprise environments.

20. Who would write a script to monitor Linux server health, and why?

• DevOps engineers
• Track system metrics
• Prevent failures
  Health monitoring scripts ensure uptime. Engineers write them for proactive maintenance, a core skill for managing production Linux systems.

21. Which command validates a Python script syntax on a Linux server?

• python3 -m py_compile script.py
• Checks syntax errors
• Prevents runtime issues
  Syntax validation ensures reliable scripts.
  This command is vital for robust automation in Linux environments.

22. What would you do if a cron job fails to run on a Linux server?

If a cron job fails, verify syntax, permissions, and logs. Failed jobs disrupt automation.

• Check crontab -e
• Review /var/log/cron
• Test script manually
  This restores automated task execution in production systems.

23. How would you automate log rotation on a Linux server?

sudo nano /etc/logrotate.d/myapp
# Add: /var/log/myapp.log { daily, rotate 7 }
/usr/sbin/logrotate /etc/logrotate.conf

Configure logrotate to rotate logs daily, keeping seven days. This prevents disk issues, a core task for DevOps maintaining clean Linux systems.

24. Why would an Ansible playbook fail to execute on a Linux server?

• Connectivity issues
• Incorrect inventory
• Syntax errors
  Playbook failures halt automation.
  Checking logs with ansible-playbook --verbose identifies errors.
  Fixing configurations ensures execution, a critical skill for DevOps workflows.

25. When would you use Terraform for Linux infrastructure automation?

Terraform is used for provisioning Linux servers in cloud environments for consistent infrastructure.

• Defines resources in HCL
• Applies with terraform apply
• Ensures scalability, a core DevOps principle

26. Where would you store custom Bash scripts for system-wide use?

• Store in /usr/local/bin
• Set executable permissions
• Ensure accessibility
  Script storage enables automation across servers.
  This practice is vital for streamlined DevOps workflows.

27. Who would automate CI/CD pipelines on Linux servers, and why?

• DevOps engineers
• Streamline deployments
• Ensure rapid delivery
  CI/CD automation accelerates software releases. Engineers implement it for efficiency, a core skill for modern Linux-based development environments.

28. Which command debugs a Bash script on a Linux server?

bash -x script.sh

Use bash -x to trace script execution. This identifies logic errors, a critical task for ensuring reliable automation in Linux production systems.

Cloud Integration

29. What would you do if a Linux server in AWS fails to launch?

• Check EC2 logs
• Verify AMI configuration
• Inspect security groups
  Launch failures disrupt cloud services. Checking logs and configurations with AWS CLI resolves issues, a key task for DevOps managing Linux in cloud environments.

30. How would you configure a Linux server for Kubernetes?

sudo apt install kubeadm kubectl kubelet
sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16

Install Kubernetes tools and initialize a cluster. This enables container orchestration, a core task for DevOps deploying scalable Linux applications in cloud environments.

31. Why would a Linux container fail to start in a cloud environment?

• Missing images
• Resource limits
• Network misconfiguration
  Container failures disrupt applications.
  Checking docker logs identifies issues.
  Adjusting resources ensures functionality, a critical skill for cloud-native Linux systems.

32. When would you use Docker on a Linux server for cloud deployments?

Docker is used for containerizing applications to ensure portability across cloud platforms.

• Builds with docker build
• Runs with docker run
• Enhances scalability, a core DevOps principle

33. Where would you store Docker images on a Linux server?

• Store in /var/lib/docker
• Manage with docker images
• Optimize storage
  Image storage ensures container availability.
  This practice is vital for cloud-based Linux deployments.

34. Who would configure a Linux server for AWS ECS, and why?

• Cloud engineers
• Deploy containerized apps
• Ensure scalability
  ECS configuration optimizes cloud workloads. Engineers implement it for reliability, a core skill for Linux-based cloud environments.

35. Which command monitors container performance on a Linux server?

docker stats --format "{{.Name}}: {{.CPUPerc}}"

Use docker stats to track container CPU usage. This ensures performance, a critical task for managing containerized applications in Linux cloud environments.

36. What would you do if a Linux server in GCP loses network connectivity?

If connectivity fails, check VPC settings, firewall rules, and routing tables. Network issues disrupt cloud services.

• Use gcloud compute instances describe
• Check firewall with gcloud compute firewall-rules
• Verify routes
  This restores access in cloud environments.

37. How would you set up a Linux server for Azure DevOps pipelines?

To configure a Linux server for Azure DevOps, install the Azure agent, configure credentials, and register it. This enables CI/CD pipelines, a core task for DevOps automating deployments in Linux cloud environments.

38. Why would a Linux server in a cloud environment experience high latency?

• Overloaded VMs
• Network congestion
• Misconfigured QoS
  Latency slows cloud performance.
  Checking sar -n DEV identifies issues.
  Optimizing network settings ensures efficiency, a critical skill for cloud deployments.

39. When would you use AWS Lambda with a Linux-based trigger?

AWS Lambda is used for serverless tasks triggered by Linux-based events, like log processing.

• Configured with AWS CLI
• Monitors with CloudWatch
• Enhances automation, a core DevOps principle

40. Where would you configure cloud-specific kernel parameters on a Linux server?

sudo nano /etc/sysctl.d/99-cloud.conf
sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-cloud.conf

Set cloud-optimized parameters in /etc/sysctl.d. This tunes performance, a vital task for DevOps managing Linux servers in AWS or GCP environments.

Security

41. Who would implement Linux server hardening, and why?

• Security engineers
• Protect sensitive data
• Ensure compliance
  Server hardening prevents breaches. Engineers implement it for safety, a core skill for securing enterprise Linux environments with strict regulations.

42. Which command audits Linux server security vulnerabilities?

• lynis audit system
• Scans for weaknesses
• Generates reports
  Security auditing identifies risks.
  This command is vital for maintaining secure Linux systems.

43. What would you do if a Linux server detects a brute-force attack?

• Check logs
• Deploy fail2ban
• Update passwords
  Brute-force attacks risk security. Checking logs and restricting access mitigates threats, a key task for protecting enterprise Linux servers.

44. How would you configure SELinux on a Linux server?

sudo setenforce 1
sudo nano /etc/selinux/config
# Set: SELINUX=enforcing

Enable SELinux and set to enforcing mode. This restricts access, a core task for securing Linux servers in high-security environments.

45. Why would a Linux server reject legitimate SSH connections?

• Firewall rules
• Misconfigured SSHD
• Invalid keys
  SSH failures block access.
  Checking /etc/ssh/sshd_config identifies issues.
  Fixing settings restores connectivity, a critical skill for secure administration.

46. When would you use ufw for Linux firewall management?

Ufw simplifies firewall configuration for secure Linux servers, especially on Ubuntu.

• Configured with ufw allow
• Monitors with ufw status
• Enhances security, a core principle for SysAdmins

47. Where would you store SSH keys on a Linux server?

• Store in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
• Set permissions with chmod 600
• Ensure secure access
  Key storage ensures secure remote access.
  This practice is vital for managing Linux servers.

48. Who would configure two-factor authentication on a Linux server, and why?

• Security admins
• Enhance login security
• Prevent unauthorized access
  Two-factor authentication strengthens system protection. Admins implement it for compliance, a core skill for enterprise Linux environments.

49. Which command monitors security logs on a Linux server?

sudo tail -f /var/log/auth.log

Use tail to monitor /var/log/auth.log for security events. This detects unauthorized access, a critical task for securing Linux servers in production environments.

50. What would you do if a Linux server is compromised by malware?

If compromised, isolate the server, scan with clamav, and remove malware. Breaches risk data loss.

• Run clamscan -r /
• Check /var/log
• Apply patches
  This restores security in enterprise systems.

51. How would you configure AppArmor for a Linux application?

To configure AppArmor, install apparmor-profiles, create a profile, and enforce it. This restricts application access, a core task for securing Linux servers hosting critical services in enterprise environments.

52. Why would a Linux server’s firewall block legitimate traffic?

• Incorrect rules
• Misconfigured ports
• NAT issues
  Firewall errors disrupt services.
  Checking iptables -L identifies issues.
  Adjusting rules ensures access, a critical skill for secure networking.

53. When would you use PAM for Linux authentication?

PAM is used for flexible authentication policies, like enforcing password rules.

• Configured in /etc/pam.d
• Monitors with pam_tally2
• Enhances security, a core SysAdmin principle

54. Where would you configure firewall rules for a Linux server?

sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4

Set rules in iptables and save to /etc/iptables/rules.v4. This secures traffic, a vital task for protecting Linux servers in enterprise networks.

Troubleshooting

55. Who would troubleshoot Linux server outages, and why?

• System administrators
• Restore services
• Ensure uptime
  Outage troubleshooting maintains availability. Admins diagnose issues for reliability, a core skill for production Linux environments.

56. Which command debugs network issues on a Linux server?

• tcpdump -i eth0
• Captures packets
• Analyzes traffic
  Network debugging restores connectivity.
  This command is vital for diagnosing enterprise network issues.

57. What would you do if a Linux server experiences high CPU usage?

• Monitor with top
• Identify heavy processes
• Optimize configurations
  High CPU usage slows performance. Checking processes and tuning settings restores efficiency, a key task for maintaining Linux servers in production.

58. How would you troubleshoot a slow Linux database server?

sudo systemctl status mysql
sudo tail -f /var/log/mysql/error.log

Check MySQL status and logs for errors. Optimize queries and resources. This ensures database performance, a core task for DevOps managing Linux-based databases.

59. Why would a Linux server fail to resolve DNS names?

• Misconfigured resolver
• Network issues
• Firewall restrictions
  DNS failures block connectivity.
  Checking /etc/resolv.conf identifies issues.
  Fixing settings restores access, a critical skill for network reliability.

60. When would you use strace for Linux troubleshooting?

Strace is used to debug system calls for application issues on Linux servers.

• Traces with strace -p
• Logs with strace -o
• Enhances diagnostics, a core SysAdmin principle

61. Where would you check kernel panic logs on a Linux server?

• Check /var/log/kern.log
• Use dmesg
• Analyze crash dumps
  Panic logs diagnose system crashes.
  This practice is vital for restoring Linux server stability.

62. Who would monitor Linux server performance, and why?

• DevOps engineers
• Ensure efficiency
• Prevent bottlenecks
  Performance monitoring maintains uptime. Engineers track metrics for reliability, a core skill for production Linux environments.

63. Which command checks filesystem errors on a Linux server?

sudo fsck /dev/sda1

Use fsck to scan and repair filesystem errors. This ensures data integrity, a critical task for maintaining Linux servers in enterprise environments.

64. What would you do if a Linux service fails to restart?

If a service fails, check status, logs, and dependencies. Service failures disrupt operations.

• Use systemctl status
• Review /var/log/syslog
• Fix configurations
  This restores functionality in production systems.

65. How would you troubleshoot network latency on a Linux server?

To troubleshoot latency, monitor traffic, check QoS, and verify NIC settings. Latency slows services, a core task for DevOps ensuring reliable Linux network performance in enterprise environments.

66. Why would a Linux server’s process hang unexpectedly?

• Resource starvation
• Deadlocks
• Kernel issues
  Hanging processes disrupt services.
  Checking ps aux identifies issues.
  Killing or optimizing restores functionality, a critical skill for system reliability.

67. When would you use journalctl for Linux troubleshooting?

Journalctl analyzes systemd logs for service or system issues on Linux servers.

• Filters with journalctl -u
• Monitors with journalctl -f
• Enhances diagnostics, a core SysAdmin principle

68. Where would you check hardware errors on a Linux server?

dmesg | grep -i error
# or
cat /var/log/messages

Check dmesg or /var/log/messages for hardware errors. This identifies failures, a vital task for troubleshooting Linux servers in production environments.

Advanced DevOps Practices

69. Who would configure a Linux server for GitLab CI/CD, and why?

• DevOps engineers
• Automate deployments
• Ensure rapid delivery
  GitLab CI/CD streamlines releases. Engineers configure it for efficiency, a core skill for Linux-based development pipelines.

70. Which command monitors CI/CD pipeline performance on a Linux server?

• gitlab-runner status
• Checks runner health
• Tracks pipeline metrics
  Pipeline monitoring ensures smooth deployments.
  This command is vital for DevOps workflows on Linux.

71. What would you do if a Linux server’s Kubernetes pod fails to start?

• Check pod logs
• Verify resource limits
• Inspect configurations
  Pod failures disrupt applications. Checking logs with kubectl logs resolves issues, a key task for DevOps managing Linux-based Kubernetes clusters.

72. How would you configure a Linux server for Prometheus monitoring?

sudo apt install prometheus
sudo nano /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
sudo systemctl restart prometheus

Install Prometheus, configure targets, and restart. This enables system monitoring, a core task for DevOps ensuring performance in Linux cloud environments.

73. Why would a Linux server’s containerized app crash unexpectedly?

• Memory leaks
• Misconfigured images
• Dependency issues
  App crashes disrupt services.
  Checking docker logs identifies issues.
  Fixing configurations ensures stability, a critical skill for containerized Linux systems.

74. When would you use Helm for Kubernetes on a Linux server?

Helm is used to manage Kubernetes applications with reusable charts for simplified deployments.

• Installs with helm install
• Monitors with helm list
• Enhances automation, a core DevOps principle

75. Where would you store Kubernetes manifests on a Linux server?

• Store in /etc/kubernetes/manifests
• Manage with kubectl apply
• Ensure version control
  Manifest storage ensures consistent deployments.
  This practice is vital for Linux-based Kubernetes clusters.

76. Who would set up a Linux server for Jenkins, and why?

• DevOps engineers
• Automate CI/CD
• Streamline workflows
  Jenkins automates software delivery. Engineers configure it for efficiency, a core skill for Linux-based development environments.

77. Which command checks Kubernetes cluster health on a Linux server?

kubectl get nodes
kubectl cluster-info

Use kubectl to verify node and cluster status. This ensures reliability, a critical task for DevOps managing Linux-based Kubernetes deployments.

78. What would you do if a Linux server’s CI/CD pipeline fails?

If a pipeline fails, check logs, verify configurations, and test jobs. Failures delay deployments.

• Use gitlab-ci.yml logs
• Check runner status
• Fix scripts
  This restores pipeline functionality in Linux environments.

79. How would you configure a Linux server for ELK stack logging?

sudo apt install elasticsearch logstash kibana
sudo systemctl enable elasticsearch logstash kibana

Install ELK stack and enable services. This centralizes logging, a core task for DevOps monitoring Linux servers in production environments.

80. Why would a Linux server’s Kubernetes node go offline?

• Network issues
• Resource exhaustion
• Kubelet failure
  Node failures disrupt clusters.
  Checking kubectl describe node identifies issues.
  Restarting services restores functionality, a critical skill for Kubernetes management.

81. When would you use Ansible Tower for Linux automation?

Ansible Tower is used for centralized automation management across Linux servers.

• Configured via web UI
• Monitors with job logs
• Enhances scalability, a core DevOps principle

82. Where would you configure Prometheus exporters on a Linux server?

• Install in /usr/local/bin
• Configure in /etc/prometheus
• Restart Prometheus
  Exporters enable detailed monitoring.
  This practice is vital for tracking Linux server metrics.

Advanced Security and Compliance

83. Who would implement Linux server compliance with GDPR, and why?

• Security engineers
• Protect user data
• Meet regulations
  GDPR compliance ensures data privacy. Engineers implement it for legal adherence, a core skill for enterprise Linux environments.

84. Which command checks for open ports on a Linux server?

sudo nmap localhost

Use nmap to scan open ports for vulnerabilities. This identifies risks, a critical task for securing Linux servers in high-security environments.

85. What would you do if a Linux server fails a security audit?

• Review audit logs
• Apply missing patches
• Harden configurations
  Audit failures risk compliance. Checking logs and updating settings ensures security, a key task for protecting enterprise Linux systems.

86. How would you configure a Linux server for encrypted backups?

To configure encrypted backups, use rsync with GPG encryption and schedule via cron. This secures data, a core task for SysAdmins ensuring compliance in Linux environments.

87. Why would a Linux server’s audit logs be incomplete?

• Misconfigured auditd
• Disk space issues
• Permission errors
  Incomplete logs hinder compliance.
  Checking auditctl identifies issues.
  Fixing configurations ensures logging, a critical skill for security.

88. When would you use auditd for Linux server monitoring?

Auditd is used for tracking system events to ensure compliance and security.

• Configured in /etc/audit/audit.rules
• Monitors with ausearch
• Enhances auditing, a core SysAdmin principle

89. Where would you store GPG keys for Linux backups?

• Store in /root/.gnupg
• Set permissions with chmod 600
• Ensure secure access
  Key storage ensures encrypted backups.
  This practice is vital for secure Linux administration.

90. Who would configure Linux servers for PCI-DSS compliance, and why?

• Security admins
• Protect payment data
• Meet standards
  PCI-DSS compliance ensures secure transactions. Admins implement it for regulatory adherence, a core skill for Linux financial systems.

91. Which command verifies SELinux policy enforcement?

getenforce
# or
sestatus

Use getenforce or sestatus to check SELinux status. This ensures security, a critical task for maintaining compliant Linux servers in enterprise environments.

92. What would you do if a Linux server’s SSH keys are compromised?

If keys are compromised, regenerate keys, update authorized_keys, and revoke access. Breaches risk security.

• Run ssh-keygen
• Update /etc/ssh/sshd_config
• Monitor logs
  This restores secure access in Linux systems.

Advanced Troubleshooting

93. How would you troubleshoot a Linux server’s high memory usage?

free -m
top -o %MEM

Monitor memory with free and top to identify heavy processes. Optimize or kill them. This ensures performance, a core task for DevOps maintaining Linux servers in production.

94. Why would a Linux server’s filesystem go read-only unexpectedly?

• Disk errors
• Filesystem corruption
• Kernel issues
  Read-only filesystems block updates.
  Checking dmesg identifies causes.
  Running fsck restores functionality, a critical skill for system reliability.

95. When would you use perf for Linux performance troubleshooting?

Perf is used to analyze CPU and memory performance for optimization.

• Profiles with perf record
• Analyzes with perf report
• Enhances diagnostics, a core SysAdmin principle

96. Where would you check network packet drops on a Linux server?

• Check ip -s link
• Monitor with tcpdump
• Analyze drops
  Packet drops disrupt connectivity.
  This practice is vital for troubleshooting Linux networks.

97. Who would troubleshoot Linux server crashes, and why?

• System engineers
• Restore stability
• Ensure uptime
  Crash troubleshooting maintains reliability. Engineers diagnose issues for robust Linux systems in enterprise environments.

98. Which command debugs Linux kernel issues?

dmesg | grep -i error

Use dmesg to check kernel errors. This identifies issues, a critical task for troubleshooting Linux servers in high-availability environments.

99. What would you do if a Linux server’s Docker daemon fails?

If the Docker daemon fails, check logs, restart the service, and verify configurations. Failures disrupt containers.

• Use journalctl -u docker
• Restart with systemctl restart docker
• Check configs
  This restores container functionality in Linux systems.

100. How would you troubleshoot a Linux server’s slow boot time?

To troubleshoot slow boot times, analyze systemd services and kernel logs. Optimize startup processes. This ensures efficiency, a core task for DevOps maintaining Linux servers in production environments.

101. Why would a Linux server’s application fail to connect to a database?

• Firewall restrictions
• Network issues
• Database misconfiguration
  Connection failures disrupt services.
  Checking netstat identifies issues.
  Fixing configurations restores access, a critical skill for application reliability.

Tips to Ace Advanced Linux Interviews

• Practice advanced Linux commands
• Build automation and CI/CD labs
• Master systemctl, journalctl, and kubectl
• Study cloud integration and security
• Review Linux and DevOps documentation
• Explain solutions clearly with technical precision